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As part of the assessment task you are required to include a minimum of five academic literature sources to inform/support your essay response. The application and use of academic reference material is fundamental to your completion of the assessment task.
Background to the Essay Question
SCOPE AND CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUBJECT AREA
The study of event impacts has been driven by a need to examine the positive and negative impacts of holding events in order to justify public spending on events (Faulkner et al 2003) and a need to leverage the best possible benefits for communities that host events, often termed the legacy (Ritchie 2000). To date the event impact literature is rather piecemeal (Faulkner et al 2003). As events themselves are often one-offs, so too are the studies of event impacts so a solid body of comparative evidence has been slow to develop. Studies are applied and economic analysis dominates. Given the difficulty of comparing different cases and a tendency to predict economic impacts rather than undertake confirmatory analysis after events have taken place, there are various claims to the reliability or otherwise of economic impact studies and methodologies (Chalip 2004). This is being addressed in more recent work with economic impact studies coming out in the months following the event. The negative impacts and the unequal distribution of benefits are also less commonly explored (Hiller 1998).
While much of the literature focuses on economic benefits, many authors (for example, Carlsen and Taylor 2003; Fredline et al 2003) suggest more research is needed on the social, physical, environmental and tourism impacts of events and their interrelationships. To this end there have been various attempts to develop an event impact evaluation framework (for example, Hiller 1998; Ritchie 2000; Faulkner et al 2003). The work by Ritchie on the Calgary Olympics (Ritchie 1984) is the earliest and most commonly cited example. This guide sets out the key frameworks used to analyze event impacts and guides readers through the range of impact analysis topics.
The most recent literature indicates a new focus is emerging with an emphasis on leveraging positive benefits of an event (Chalip 2004; O’Brien 2006). This growing body of knowledge draws more on qualitative studies to analyse the equity of benefits and to explore the most productive strategies for enabling host communities to benefit from an event.
Impacts and Benefits
In an events context impacts encompass a variety of positive benefits and negative impacts which might accrue as a result of an event taking place. These impacts and benefits may be apparent before the event takes place, during the event or after the event. They may be felt by a variety of stakeholders including participants, local businesses and the host community. An event will affect people in different ways, thus, there may be inequity in the distribution of impacts and benefits. Typically studies focus on one or more of the following impact areas:
• Physical infrastructure
• Environmental impacts (often linked with physical infrastructure)
• Economic impacts
• Tourism destination impacts
• Image enhancement
• Social impacts
• Cultural impacts
• Political impacts
• Urban renewal
Legacy
The legacy is the actual impacts for the host destination of holding the event and is usually conceptualized as the positive benefits rather than the negative impacts that might arise. The legacy is commonly thought of in terms of tangible benefits such as physical infrastructure or new jobs. However, there may be other intangible benefits as Ritchie (2000 p156) indicates:
“Regardless of the actual form that a legacy may take, the idea underlying legacy creation is that it represents something of substance residents in a very substantial manner—preferably in a way that reflects the values of the local population.”
There appears to be a widely held assumption that there is a legacy although, more recently, a number of studies have questioned the positive benefits and the equity of their distribution (refs).
Leverage on the other hand, is about getting the best possible benefits from the event. Chalip (2004 p228) defines leveraging as: “the processes through which the benefits of investments are maximized.”
Leveraging can relate to aspects around the actual event (e.g. visitor spending, utilization of local supply chains) or the long term benefits both before and after the event has taken place (e.g. destination image). Importantly event impact research now has a strong focus on the issues of leveraging benefits from events.
Resource Guide to The Impact of Events, Hospitality, Leisure, Sport and Tourism Network, May, 2007: assets/hlst/documents/resource_guides/the_impact_of_events.pdf
Additional reference material (to assist with idea generation)